Only the 'Plain' setting works / incompatible with some plugins

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The installation by default seems to work correctly. If I change the Settings / Permalinks / Common Settings to another option than 'Plain',

• I cannot access the existing posts anymore, they lead to a 404
• If I try to create a new post, after clicking and confirming 'Publish', I get a "Publishing failed. The response is not a valid JSON response." in a red banner at the top
• I see that the URL, when I hover a post title with my mouse, changes accordingly to the new setting (so at least that part works)

I was expecting

• the existing page URLs to be adapted to the new setting
• being able to create new posts after changing to the new setting

Moreover, important plugins like wpForo don't work with the default 'Plain' setting.

WordPress: Version 5.9.3
Apache version: 2.4.53-1
PHP Version: 8.1.4
MySQL version: MariaDB 10.7.3

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Redone the test with php7, same results.

Steps:
1) In VM with Manjaro, php7-apache, MariaDB installed, set and already working with other websites (like phpMyAdmin):

• install WordPress
• in installation directory (/usr/share/webapps/wordpress for me), copy wp-config-sample.php to wp-config.php
• edit and fill in database information & credentials

2) In browser

• open ​https://<ip>/wordpress

=> installation page

• installation
• log in
• click on "Hello World!" post => OK
• click on "Sample page" => OK
• Settings / Permalinks / Common Settings to Numeric
• click on "Hello World!" post => 404
• click on "Sample page" => 404

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This was wrong in the Apache configuration file:

AllowOverride None

Changed to:

AllowOverride All
Order allow,deny
Allow from all